1 Contract 与 Agreement的有无区别 在英语中，合同一般称为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement。 何谓"contract"? 1999 年中国《合同法》第二条对contract定义为： A contact in this Law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is ,between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations"。根据这一定义，合同平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的协议。 Steven H. Gifts编著的"Law Dictionary"中将contract 定义为"contract is a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty."根据这一定义，合同是一种承诺，违反承诺可以得到法律救助，某种意义上法律将履行该承诺看做是一种补偿。 L.B Curzon 在其编撰的字典"A Dictionary of Law"给contract的定义："Contract is a legally binding agreement"根据这一定义，合同就是有法律约束力的协议。 综 合起来，有一个相同点，就是"Contract is an agreement"，即可将事同说成是"An agreement which binds the parties concerned"或者氢说合同说成是"An agreement which is enforceable by law"， 也可以说：Contracts are promises that the law will enforce。 何谓"Agreement"? L.B "A consensus of mind, or evidence of such consensus, in spoke or written form, relating to anything done or to be done." 根据这一定义，协议是对已经做或准备做的相关事宜，经过谈判、协商后取得一致意见，以口头或书面形式做出的约定。 Black "Law Dictionary"有两个定义。一个是："A concord of understanding and intention between two or more parties with respect to the effect upon their relative rights and duties, of certain past or future facts or performance"根据这一定义，协议即双方或多方京某些过去或将来某些事实的相关权利、义务或相关权利、义务的履行而达成的一致理解和愿望。 另 一个是："The consent of two or more persons concurring respecting the transmission of some property, right or benefits, with the view of contacting an obligation, a mutual obligation."根据这一定义，协议即两个或多个当事人，为了约定单方责任或相互责任，就财产权利、利益的转移取得的一致同意。 Contract(合同)和Agreement(协议)是不是可以互换呢？ 合同的成立必须具备几个主要因素。它们（要约和承诺构成的）协议、约因、设立法律关系的愿望和缔约能力四大部分组成。 L.B Curzon编著的"A Diction of Law"提到："Contract generally involves" 1. offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance (要约和绝对接受) 2. consensus ad idem (意思表示一致， 也叫meeting of minds) 3. intention to create legal relations (建立合同关系的意愿) 4. genuineness of consent (同意的真实性) 5. contractual capacity of the parties (合同当事人的缔约能力) 6. legality of object(标的物的合法性) 7. possibility of performance (履行的可能性) 8. certainty of terms(条款的确定性) 9. valuable consideration(等价有偿) Black ’Law Dictionary" 中解释道：Although often used as synonyms with "contract", agreement is a broader term, e.g. an agreement might lack an essential element of a contact." 即"协议"和"合同"经常用作同义词，但"协议"这一术语含义更广，例如协议可能缺乏合同的必备条款（essential clauses/provisions）。 实际使用当中，协议可不受必备条款的限制，而称为合同的文体肯定少不了必备条款，有的合同将其单列，称为一般条款（General provisions）。 1999中国《合同法》第十二条规定了八项一般条款，分别是： 1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人的名称或姓名和住址) 2. contract object(标的) 3. quantity(数量) 4. quality(质量) 5. price or remuneration(价款或者报酬) 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议的方法) 上述解释说明，contract(合同)和agreement(协议)的概念虽然接近，但使用范围不同，不能互换使用。合同是协议的重要组成部分，所有合同一定是协议，而协议不见得都是合同。可以说具备合同成立要求的具有强制执行力的协议才是合同。
英语中表达契约的用语有：covenant, indenture, deed和compact。它们含义有无区别呢。 在Black 的"Law Dictionary"中，covenant是指：Agreement, convention or promise or more parties, by deed in writing, signed, and delivered, by which either of the parties pledged himself to the other that something is either done, or shall be done, or shall not be done, or stipulates for the truth of certain facts. The term is currently used primarily with respect to promises in conveyance or other instruments relating to real estate. 看来covenant主要指针对不动产转让或与不动产相关的证明文件。 在Black 的"Law Dictionary"中，indenture 是指：A deed between tow parties conveying real estate by which both parities assume obligations, Historically, indenture referred to a crease or wavy cut that was made in duplicates of the deed so their authenticity could be verified later. 看来indenture针对的也是不动产转让，但在传统做法中为证明其真实性，被人一撕为二，留下折痕或波纹状撕痕，以供未来核对的那种契约就叫indenture. 在Black 的"Law Dictionary"中，deed是指：A conveyance of realty; a writing signed by grantor, whereby title to realty is transferred from one to another; a written instrument, sighed and delivered , by which one person conveys land, tenements, or hereditaments to another. 看来得的deed针对的还是不动产的产权转让，指的是经签字和转移的一方向另一方出让土地、租房或遗产的书面协议。历史的房契指的就是deed。 在Black 的"Law Dictionary"中，compact是指：An agreement or contact between persons, nations or states. Commonly applied to working agreements between and among states concerning matters of mutual concern. 看来compact是指人、国家、州之 间订立的协议、协定或合同，主要指国家间就共同关心的问题在达成的协议，也指当事人之间独立而特别设定的能够并可实施权力和义务的合同。和 covenant，indenture和deed不同的是，compact一词不主要针对不动产，而指国家间的协定。
根据国内外民法原理，合同可有下列不同的标准划分： oral/parole contract and written contract (口头合同与书面合同) consensual contract and real contract (诺成合同与实践合同) formal contract and informal contract (要式合同与不要式合) unilateral contract and bilateral contract (单务合同与双务合同) principal contract and accessory contract (主合同与从合同) causative contract and non-causative contract (要因合同与不要因合同) commutative contract and independent contract (可替换合同与独立合同) express contract and implied contract (明示合同与隐含合同) divisible contract and indivisible contract (可分合同与不可分合同) entire contract and severable contract (不可分合同与可分合同) executed contract and executory contract (已履行的合同与待履行的合同) gratuitous contract and onerous contract (无偿合同与有偿合同) certain contract and hazardous contract （确定合同与射幸合同） simple contract and contract under seal (盖印合同与非盖印合同) joint and several contract (连带合同) conditional contract (附条件合同) constructive contract (推定合同) investment contract (投资合同) open end contract (无限制合同) quasi contract (准合同) altruistic contract (利他合同) cost-plus contract (用于政府采购的照本加成合同)
合同英语问题3.2 gentleman’s agreement: Generally an unsigned and unenforceable agreement made between parties who expect its performance because of good faith.君子协定（即当事人未被签字也不会强制实施的，仅仅寄希望于双方诚意履行的协议） 1999年中国《合同法》第九章到第二十三章就合同种类做了概括，它们分别是： Sales contracts (买卖合同) Contracts for Supply of Power, Water, Gas or Heat (供用电、水、气、热力合同) Gift contracts (赠与合同) Contracts for loan of money (借款合同) Leasing contracts (租凭合同) Financial leasing contracts (融资租凭合同) Work-for-hire contracts (承揽合同) Contacts for construction projects (建筑工程合同) Carriage contracts (运输合同) Technology contracts (技术合同) Safe-keeping contracts (保管合同) Warehousing contracts (仓储合同) Agency appointment contracts (委托代理合同) Trading trust contracts (委托合同) Brokerage contracts ( 行纪合同和居间合同)
合同英语问题3.3 就实践中常见的合同协议而言，劳动人事方面包括有： labor contract (劳动合同) confidentiality agreement (保密协议) non-complete agreement (竞争禁止协议) human agency agreement (人事代理协议) contract of sale of commodity houses (商品房买卖合同) tenancy agreement (租凭协议) contract for assignment, lease and transfer of the right to the use of land (土地使用权出让、出租、转让合同) mortgage agreement (抵押合同) loan contract (贷款合同) property management contract (物业管理合同) contract for construction engineering and installation of project (建议工程承包、安装合同) 服务方面有： Technical service agreement, technical consulting agreement, technical development agreement, technical transfer agreement, licensing agreement. (技术服务、咨询、开发、转让、许可协议)； Agency agreement (代理协议) Insurance contract (保险合同) Financing agreement (融资协议) Venture capital management agreement (风险投资管理协议) Employment contract for legal consultant (法律顾问协议)
合同英语问题4.1 divorce agreement (离婚协议) 4．合同的订立、变更、终止、解除、撤销 汉语中关于合同的订立、变更、解除和撤销说法确定，而英语的表达有有多种。 英语中关于合同的订立的表述有： Make a contract Enter into a contract Form a contract Create a contract Conclude a contract Execute a contract Covenant 名词科短语的形式分别是： The making of contract The conclusion of contract The entry into contract The formation of a contract The creation of a contract The conclusion of contract The execution of contract Covenant 如英文合同、协议的开始句： This agreement/contract is made and entered in to this ____ day of _____(month), _______ (year) by and between Party A and Party B, the parties hereby covenant as follows: 本协议/合同由甲乙双方于______年______月______日订立，双方特此约定如下：
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