http://www.diandian.net/BBS/dispbbs.asp?boardID=113&ID=19720&page=1 中高级口译应试技巧（连载一） 笔译技巧和训练 笔译是用译文语言(即：译语)把原作语言(即：原语)所表达内容重新表达出来。因此，考生不能随心所欲地表达自己的思想，只能准确完善地表达原作的思想内容，并保持原作的风格。为此，考生在翻译时，必须忠实于原文，不能随意增加、减少、歪曲或篡改，即“信”；译文通顺、规范，不能晦涩疑惑，文理不通，结构紊乱，逻辑不清，即“达”。考生若能在翻译时，做到“雅”，这样的译文更是锦上添花。从而，也能体现出考生的笔译水平。 笔译有直译(metaphrase)和意译(paraphrase)。直译是译文既忠实于原文的内容又忠实于原文的形式；意译是译文忠实于原文的内容，而不拘泥于原文的形式。在翻译中，一般的原则是能直译的就直译，需要意译的就意译。 笔译技巧总述：1）主从分明（Subordination） 2）选词用字（Diction） 3 ) 增益法 (Amplification) 4) 省略法 (Omission) 5) 转换法 (Conversion) 6) 词序调整 (Inversion) 7) 正说反译(Negation) 8) 长句拆译 (Division) 技巧举例： 增益法：翻译时，可增加名词、动词、形容词、副词、量词等。 The person in the picture is wrinkled and black，with scant gray hair。 图片上的那个人，满脸皱纹，皮肤很黑，头发灰白稀疏。(增名词) He doesn't have the time to worry about such trifles． 他可没有闲功夫为这样的琐事操心。(增形容词) 省略法：翻译时，可省冠词、代词、介词、连词、短语等。 The product is good in quality and low in price． 这种产品物美价廉。(省介词) The finished products must be sampled to check：their quality before they leave the factory。 成品在出厂前必须进行抽样检查。(省代词) 转换法：翻译时，名词、介词、形容词、副词等可转译为动词，动词、形容词、副词等可转译为 名词，形容词可转译为副词，副词可转译为形容词等。 Difference between the social systems of states should not be an obstacle to their cooperation． 国与国之间不同的社会制度不应该妨碍彼此的合作。(名转动) Such robots controlled by computer impressed us deeply． 这些用电脑控制的机器人给我们留下了深刻的印象。(副转形) 一、被动语态翻译 在英语中我们会经常遇到被动句，而在汉语中被动句却并不常见。之所以如此，是因为我国古汉语中有一特殊的语言现象：许多动词既可表主动，又可表被动。因此，就无所谓主动句或被动句。尽管如此，并非是说古汉语就没有被动句，在少数情况下，“见”、“被”、“为”这些被动符号不仅活跃在古汉语中，而且还被保留在现代汉语中，与英文的“be+过去分词”被动句型中的“be”相对应。但英汉被动结构并非一一对应，英语使用“主语+被动谓语+by短语’’结构来体现“受动者+行动+施动者”的相互关系，而汉语则与之不同。首先，英语中谓语的被动语态是用动词的分词来构成的，即“助动词+过去分词”，而汉语不可能以如此的形式来表被动。其次，英语介词by带出施事者置于谓语动词之后，而汉语则不宜将这样的介词短语放在动词之后。再者，被动语态是文字表达客观化的手段之一。这一客观化手段排除了主观因素和感情色彩，又是科技文体的重要特征。因此，被动语态在英语科技文体中表现得尤为突出，这是汉语所不能及的。由此观之，英语被动句翻译中，不可能有现成的对应表达式，这就需要我们按照汉语的习惯用法，从丰富的句式和辅助词语中选择恰当的手法(如被动式和主动式等)来体现原文的被动含义，以便表达无误、忠实原文。 (一)用汉语被动式表达英语被动含义 1．语言手法 在谓语动词被动含义的表达中，英语使用综合型语言手法，助动词的词形变化，由“助动词be+过去分词”形式来构成被动语态；而汉语则采用分析型语言手法，词序表现得更为突出，一及物动词在“主+谓+宾”的句中是主动的(如：中国队打败了古巴队)，在“主+谓”的句中是被动的(如：古巴队打败了)。这一用法在古汉语中就已开始使用，在现代汉语中更为普遍。 1) Intellectual self-discipline is required to avoid ignoring important alternatives, uncertainties, decisions, or trade-offs. 明智的自律可以避免忽略其他重要方案、不确定因素、决策及权衡。 2) Once it has been decided that certain factors are peripheral--that they don't create the dilemma or affect its essence--they can be safely ignored, at least until the results of the first-cu analysis suggest that one or two of them may, in fact, be important. 一旦确定某些因素是外围性的--它们并不产生困惑或没有实质性作用--那么它们就完全可以忽略，如果第一次分析的结果表明其中一、二个因素可能很重要，那就应另当别论。 2．词汇手段 指在汉语对应表达时用“被”字来表示英语原文中的被动含义。这一手段在古汉语中就有如“信而见疑，忠而被谤”(《屈原列传》)，只是用法特殊用量之少而已。在现代汉语中，该手段用得较多，用来着重指出其行动被施加到受事者身上的事实，一般构成“受事者+被+动词”的形式，例如： (1) Neither is public because those not paying can be prevented from receiving the service-by fences or toll barriers. 它们都不是公共的，因为那些未付款者可以被篱笆或路障挡在外面而得不到服务。 (2) At the other extreme, if the industry is dominated by a single firm, there will be potential to earn monopoly profits. 在另一个极端，如果产业被一家公司所垄断，就有可能赚到垄断利润。 3．静态表达 是对英语句中强调行为静态，说明时间、地点、方式、方法等具体情况，用汉语“是……的”框架来表达的一种方式。这种表达方式灵活简便、言简意赅、新颖独特，是翻译学(translatology)中，英汉对应及现代汉语的新发展。 (1) As Simon's principle of bounded rationality makes clear，however，such an ideal rationality can never be attained because of the limits of time, information, and intellectual capacity. 然而正如西蒙的有限理性原则所明确阐明的，由于受时间、信息和智力的限制，这种理想的要求是永远达不到的。 (2) If an industry is fragmented, price competition is likely to be severe. 如果一个产业是四分五裂的，价格竞争很可能是严重的。 (二)用汉语主动式表达英语被动含义 1．正确译主语 在英语中，有时作者特意让受动者作为句子的主语，以此作为谈论的主题。但在翻译时，译者就需根据汉语行文酌情而定由谁作主语。有些情况下，我们需把施动者放在主语的位置上，才能使句子修辞得当，通顺流畅。 1)一般情况下，我们以“施动者+动词+受动者”的顺序翻译 Knowing what he is going to ask in advance should make it easier，I thought，except that the opposite psychology Was used． 我想，在他提问以前先知道他要问什么，可能会好办些。却没有想到他们利用了相反的心理作用。 In certain circumstances a decision maker may have some statistical data available that can be used to calculate these probabilities． 在某些情况下，决策者可得到一些统计数据来计算这些结果。 2)用“把”字带出受动者，形成“施动者+把+受动者+动词”或“施动者+把+受动者+动词+补语”的排列顺序。 For now，it is enough that the issue be postponed，with neither side accepting the status quo but with both sides living with it． 目前双方都不接受但还能容忍这样的现状：即把问题推迟到以后去解决，这就足够了。 3)在报导文章和科技文章中有许多被动式句型，在翻译时可以增添施动者，构成“施动者十动词+引述内容”的形式。如： It is believed(thought／taken／regarded／considered)that．．．人们认为…… It is noticed／noted that．．．人们注意到／前面已经指出…… In is announced(declared，claimed)that．．．有人宣称，据称…… It is stressed that．．。有人强调说…… It is sometimes asked that．．．人们有时会说…… It is asserted that．．．有人主张…… It is expected that．．．人们希望…．． It is suggested that．。．有人建议…… It is recommended that．．．有人推荐…… It is proposed that．．．有人提议(指出)／一般认为…… 2．颠倒翻译法 在英语中，由于作者不知道或不想说、或不必说出施动者，这样作者便用受动者来表达。但句子里不能没有主语，因而就用受动者来作主语。汉语中不存在此类问题，因为汉语句子可以没有主语。鉴于此，在翻译时我们应用颠倒翻译法把原文的“受动者+动词+(省略施动者)”变为“(省略施动者)+动词+受动者”的顺序。这样既体现了对原文的“信”，又表明了译文的“达”。例如： Most important, an updated operation plan being set to satisfy the current market, and the consequences of taking various actions are known ahead of time, minimizing cost and disruptive surprises. 最重要的是，必须事先修订运营计划以满足当前的市场需求以及了解各种措施所产生后果，这样就可以最大限度地减少成本和破坏性的意外事件。 For instance, operations managers often make use of break-even analysis to determine how much be produced and sold before a product becomes profitable. 例如，运营经理常常利用盈亏平衡分析来确定为使一个产品能盈利至少要生产和销售多大的数量。 (三)英语主动形式表被动含义 就行为(action)角度来说，英语的名词、形容词、分词、介词短语及动词本身等，均可用主动形式表示被动含义。若译者对此没有清醒认识，翻译时就会遇到障碍。 1．名词的被动含义 1)名词后缀-ee表受动者，有被动含义；而后缀-er，-or是施动者，有主动含义。如： employee雇员 employer雇主 trainee受训者 trainer训练员 vendee买主 vender卖主 2)the+部分动词的过去分词，有被动含义如： the wounded受伤者，the appointed被任命的人，the exploited被剥削者 3)有些动作名词+of，有被动含义 representation of the actual problem situation实际问题情况的表示 manufacture of machine机器的制造 2．形容词的被动含义 以-able，-ible结尾的形容词以及由过去分词转化的形容词多数有被动含义。如： navigable river可通航的河流，visible stars看得见的星星 3．动词的被动含义 1)及物动词need(want，require，deserve．．．)十动名词，表被动含义 This is one of those topics that don't need discussing． 这是一个毋须讨论的论题。(discussing=to be discussed) 2)某些不及物动词如：sell，fill，wash，draw，act，cut等的主动形式表被动含义。 Goods of that quality will never sell． 如此质量的商品绝对卖不出去。 3)某些表特征状态的连系动词如：look，sound，smell，prove，appear，turn out等的主动 形式表被动含义。 This experiment will prove of some use to you in your studies． 这项实验将对你的研究有用。 4．过去分词的被动含义 多数过去分词具有被动含义。如：boiled water开水，smoked fish熏鱼，armed forces武 装部队 ． 5．不定式的被动含义 Is there anything else to put on the agenda? 还有什么要列入议程的? 6．某些介词短语具有被动含义 in question正被讨论的 above criticism不受批评的 under discussion在讨论中 beyond control无法控制 under repair正在修理中 in course of construction正在建筑中 二、英语否定之“陷阱” 英语否定在语篇中形式多样，用法各异，既有特殊结构，又有单词短语，名、动、形、连、介、代等各类否定俱全，使用频率极高。这给中国人带来极大的困扰。若译者不能明晰各类否定，往往会掉人“陷阱”。 一般说来，在翻译时，英语中的肯定需译成汉语的肯定，英语中的否定需译成汉语的否定。而实际上，有许多英语否定句需译成肯定句，而许多英语肯定句又需译成否定句。与汉语相比，英语否定表达形式多样、方式各异。既有特殊结构，又有单词短语。名、代、动、形、连、介、副等各类词及短语均可表示否定，真可谓琳琅满目、洋洋大观；然而，这对中国人来说，又可谓“陷阱”多多。因此，对于全部否定、部分否定、双重否定、意义否定和转移否定需提请译者留心，对于否定的对象、否定之含义和否定含义之表达更须提请译者注意。 (一)全部否定 全部否定，否定的对象是谓语，其含义是“绝无”或“不、无、非”等。该类否定有凹，not，never，none，nobody，nothing，nowhere，neither...nor...等。在用汉语对应表达时，须把表示否定的“不、无、非”之类的词与动词连用以构成“谓语的否定”而达到全部否定。例如： (1)Provision of a good or service by a government does not render that good or service a public good；whether the good is public depends on its appropfiabillity． 由政府提供产品或服务并不会使它们变成公共资源；资源是否是公共的取决于其是否具有私有性。 (2)I have answered every single question，but my opponent has answered none． 我已回答了每一个问题，但我的对手却一个问题都没回答。 (3)As Simon's principle of bounded rationality makes clear，however，such an ideal rationality can never be attained because of the limits of time，information，and intellectual capacity． 然而，正如西蒙的有限理性原则所明确阐明的，由于受时间、信息和智力的限制，这种理想的要求是永远达不到的。 (二)部分否定 在汉语中，“不”、“非”、“没(有)”等这些否定词都是直接放在被否定的词语前面的；然而，在英语中，“not"和谓语动词在一起有时并非否定谓语动词而是否定句中的其他成分。被否定的成分又时常没有和"not"在一起，这样就产生了判断否定对象的问题。若否定的对象选错了，全句的意思也会搞乱。因此，对部分否定句应慎重处理，否则会掉人“陷阱”； 表示部分否定时，除用含“部分”意义的代词、副词，如：some，somebody，something， somewhere，somewhat，sometimes等加上否定式谓语以外，某些含有整体的代词d1，every， both，everybody，everything等以及一些副词如always，entirely，altogether，everywhere等与否定词连用时，只表示其中一部分被重复。例如： (1) All institutions have not an officer for each of these areas． [原译]所有的高校都不会有这样一位官员来负责这些职能。 [改译]并非所有的高校都有这样一位官员来负责这些职能。 [分析]原句以代表整体的"All"与否定词"not"连用，构成不完全否定，即：部分否定，相当于Not all institutions have an officer for each of these areas． (2)It is not always easy to separate a mixture Of liquids into pure substances by fractional distillation． [原译]采取分馏的办法把一种混合的液体分成纯物质，总是不容易的。 [改译]采取分馏的办法把一种混合的液体分成纯物质，这并不总是很容易的。 [分析]该句是由副词"always"和否定词“not"构成的部分否定的句子。若将“It is not always easy to…”译成“总是不容易的”就成了全部否定，乍看原译，其语意似乎合理；但仔细分析后，我们便不难发现，该句为部分否定，应译成“这并不总是很容易的”。 (三)双重否定 双重否定即否定之否定，是两个否定词连用，否定同一个单词，或一个否定词否定另一个否定词，其否定意义互相抵消而取得肯定意义，这就是通常我们所说的两否定等于一肯定。在翻译时，多数情况需照译成汉语的双重否定，但照译有悖于汉语行文习惯时，可用肯定译法。 1．否定词+without+名词(动名词) (1)Such a poor state could not possibly have waged a war against its neighbor Without the backing from other countries． [原译]这样贫穷的国家，如果没有别的国家支持是不可能对它的邻国发动战争的。 [改译]这样贫穷的国家，如果没有别国的支持，本来根本就不可能对邻国发动战争。 [分析]原译按照双重否定的情况来处理，这一点无可非议。乍看原译似乎也正确；然而，仔细分析一下，我们便不难发现"possible"一词用在肯定句中作“可能”解，用在否定句中与"not"连用起着加强语气的作用，相当于"not．．．at all"。所以，原译将"possible"译成“不可能”显得语气太轻了，译成“根本就不可能”才能尽其意。与possible类似的还有nearly， anywhere, half等词。 2．否定词+含否定词缀(un-, in-, im-, dis-, non-, -less等)的词 (1) Having done so much to get the project off the ground, we now find it impossible not to carry it on to completion． 我们既然花了那么多功夫来实施这项计为1，现在就不能不干下去，直至完成。 (2) The common characteristics of these services are that once they are made available, separation of those who have paid from those who haven’t paid is impossible, and any number of people can consume the same good at the same time without diminishing the amount of good available for anyone else to consume. 这些服务的共同特点是，一旦提供了这些服务，要区分付钱者和不付钱者是不可能的， 任何人都可以同时消费这些资源，而不会减少他人对该资源的消费数量。 3．否定词+保留否定词 “保留否定词”是指含蓄地保留否定意义，间接表示否定含义的词，如：deny，neglect，refuse，forget，fail，ignore，exclude，miss，lack等。这样的“保留否定词”再加上一个否定词，即构成双重否定。 The service, once provided, can be consumed by a large number of people without diminishing the amount of service available to others, and no mechanism is available to deny service to those not paying for it. 这一服务一旦被提供，就能被众人享用，而不会减少他人享用该服务的数量，而且毫无办法来阻止那些没有付钱的人享用该服务。
2005-01-05 15:58
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第 2 楼
(四)转移否定 转移否定指在某些英语否定句中，把否定词或否定成分从原来所处的位置上转移到别处去的语法现象。这一现象常出现在某些带宾语从句的主从复合句中，原来宾语从句中谓语动词的否定词，转移到主句谓语的前面。鉴于这一特殊语法现象，在翻译时，我们只有用“转译法”将“前否定译成后否定”才能使汉语表达准确无误地与英语原文对应。 (1)I don't think it's right to make such a hasty decision. [原译]我并不认为这样仓促地作出决定是正确的。 [改译]我认为这样仓促地作出决定是不好的。 [分析]该句是典型的转移否定的例子，它实际上相当于I think it's not right to …，只是英语习惯上不这样说罢了。因此，我们在英译汉时应将“前否定译成后否定”。 (2) He didn't say that his son was an honest man． [原译]他说他的儿子不是一个老实人。 [改译]他没说他的儿子是老实人。 [分析]原句虽然也是主句中动词否定，宾语从句中动词肯定的句型，但它并非是转移否定，不能按转移否定来处理。这种转移后构成的主句否定式谓语动词，通常是有限的，只限于几个表示信念、推测、愿望之类心理活动的动词如：think，believe，suppose，feel，image，consider，reckon，fancy等，并非适用于所有的动词。因此，我们既要掌握转移否定的句型，活用“转译法”；同时又要避免掉人“陷阱”。
(五)意义否定 在英语中，有许多词语和句子结构，虽然是肯定的形式，句中没有not，n。之类的否定词，也没有un-，non-，dis-之类的否定前缀，但意义上却是否定的，我们称之为“意义否定”。“意义否定”是一种有意无形的含蓄否定，它渗透到英语的各种词性和句型中，在英语的否定表达中作用非凡。因此，我们在翻译时，也常需译成汉语的否定形式。 1．具有否定意义的名词翻译 英语中这类否定意义的名词往往是抽象名词，常见的是absence，ignorance，failure，exclusion等。如： The initial element is failure of exclusion：there is no way to prevent people from receiving the service even though they have not paid for it． 第一要素是不具排它性：即使人们不付钱，也没有办法阻止他们接受该服务。 2．具有否定意义动词及其短语的翻译 在英语中常表示否定的动词有fail，neglect，exclude，deny，miss，overlook，refuse，ignore， lack等，短语动词有prevent．．．from，keep．．．from，protect．．．from等。 (1) Once it has been decided that certain factors are peripheral--that they do not create the dilemma or affect its essence--they can be safely ignored，at least until the results of the first-cut analysis suggest that one or two of them may ，in fact，be important． 一旦确定某些因素是外围性的--它们并不产生困惑或不影响问题的实质--那么就可以放心地将它们忽略，除非第一次分析的结果表明其中一二个因素实际上是重要的，至少在此之前可以将其忽略。 (2) Neither is public because those not paying can be prevented from receiving the service - by fences or toll barriers.． 两者没有一个是公共的，因为那些未付款者可以被篱笆或路障挡在外面而得不到服务。 3．具有否定意义的形容词及其短语的翻译 英语中此类常见的词和短语有few，little, last (决不会)，absent, short of , free of , free from , far from, inferior to , safe from等。 (1) Evidence is，however，that fewer resources will be wasted if government avoids provision of private goods． 然而，事实是如果政府不再提供私有资源，资源的浪费会更少。 (2) A great deal of time is devoted to developing an elaborate model and to carrying out lengthy calculations, but relatively little time is devoted to thinking intelligently about the problem at hand． 大量的时间花在建立精细的模型及进行复杂的计算，几乎没有时间去认真思考面临的问题。 4．具有否定意义的副词及其短语的翻译 这类的词和短语有hardly，scarcely，vainly，barely，too．．．to There are scarcely 80 people present at the meeting． 出席会议的还不到80人。 5．具有否定意义的连词的翻译 该类词和短语有before(在没有……之前)，unless(如果不……)，lest(不免、免得)，but (不)，but that(除非、若不)，more．．．than，rather than(而不)等。 (1) Unless the institution has a staff experienced in the use of models - or plans to employ such persons - it may be advisable to engage consultants to install the system, instruct staff members, and guide the institution during the initial period. 如果学校没有人员具有使用这些模型的经验--或不打算雇用这样的人员--那么在初始阶段最好聘请顾问来安装这一系统，培训职员并指导学校的工作。 (2) Quick analysis is a way to avoid the measurement trap because it focuses attention on the important components of a decision rather than the easily quantifiable ones． 快速分析是一种可以避免测量陷阱的方法，因为它关注决策的重要组成部分，而不是关注那些容易测量的因素。 6．具有否定意义的介词翻译 这类的介词及其短语有off(离开、解除)；against(不利、不顺)，：beyond(不可、不能)， behind(不如)，below(不值得)，beneath(不相称)，within(不超过)，instead of(不是)，but for(若非；要不是)，in place of(代替、而不是)，in ignorance of(不知)，out of(缺乏)，in default of(没有……时)等。 (1) The first function, stabilization and growth, involves the combat against un-employment and inflation and provision for increases in the standard of living for the citizenry． 第一种职能是稳定和发展：减少失业，防止通货膨胀，增加物资以提高市民的生活水平。 (2) If the decisions is made to use a comprehensive, “off-the shelf” system care should be taken to insure that the model selected is suited to the institution． [原译]如果决定采用一个综合的“离开隔板”系统，那就应确保所选模型适合高校。 [改译]如果决定采用一个综合的“现成的”系统，那就应确保所选模型适合高校。 [分析]原译将“off'，译成“离开”，这似乎符合常规，但“离开隔板”其意义含混。因此，我们不能将“off’照常规译成“离开”，将“off-theshe旷译成“现成的”才符合原文句意。由上述各类否定形式的翻译我们不难发现，英语中否定形式繁多，且各种否定形式中又布满“陷阱”，但只要我们辨明否定之对象、否定之范围，理解其含义并正确表达，便可避开“陷阱”。 三、英语代词在翻译中的困扰 英语代词在语篇中使用频率远远高于汉语代词，有人称代词、非人称代词、关系代词等等。有时一句话中出现几个代词，这就给中国人带来极大的困扰。若译者不能辨清指代关系，就会掉人“陷阱”。笔者以人称代词、非人称代词、关系代词为线索，论证各类英语代词的汉语对应翻译方法。 将英汉两种语言作一比较，人们就不难发现英语代词的使用频率远远高于汉语。代词是语篇(discourse)中的重要衔接(cohesive)手段。只要可能，儿this，they，one，甚至as，s。等都可用来指代或替代前面提到过的某一事物或内容。这样，是否明确代词的指称替代关系，是将英语代词直接译出，还是以名词的形式在汉语中再现，给译者带来了极大困扰。 (一)人称代词的翻译 人称代词在英语语篇中随处可见，是否将其译成相对应的汉语代词，这并不能一概而论。但有一点应提请注意：并非每一英语人称代词适宜译成汉语代词，尤其是当这些代词周围有两个或两个以上可能指代人或事物的词时，应慎重下笔，否则会造成误译，或使读者不知所云。其基本原则是以汉语习惯为前提，不能以简单的英汉代词对应方式来处理。试看下面的例子： (1) Nevertheless, such methods can be extremely useful when they are properly applied． [原译]尽管如此，当它们应用合理，这类方法可以是极其有用的。 [改译]尽管如此，这类方法只要应用适当是非常有用的。 [分析]原译中，把“they"一词译成“它们”。这样简单的英汉对应，乍看似乎成立，但稍加分析我们便不难发现，译成“它们”指代不明。原译译为“当它们应用合理，这类方法可以是极其有用的”。这样“它们”与“这类方法”就指称不一致，实则?they"恰是指代“such methods'’，即“这类方法”。因此，只有将"they"译成“这类方法”才是正确的。 (2) (Executives must be able to handle change in broad segments of industry, society, and government.) But perhaps the change that’s most challenging of all is that within themselves． [原译]但是极富挑战意味的变革或许还是这些部门内部的改革。 [改译]但是极富挑战意味的变化或许是发生在他们自己身上的变化。 [分析]虽然原译把themselves看成是指代broad segments of industry，society，and governments．但是这样译无疑是败笔，因为它与原文意思不符。前句(即括号中的句子)是说行政人员必须应付企业、社会、管理诸多方面的变化。接着，用了一个But引出极富挑战的变化--行政人员自身的变化，因为后句紧接着是：Many things cause“executive metamorphoses” - family or financial change, declining health …。该句仍是说造成行政管理人员自身变化的因素有许多，如家庭或财政的变化，身体健康状况的下降……。所以上下文起着关键作用。 (二)非人称代词it, that，this，these等的翻译 非人称代词是指除指代人之外的生命和事物的代词。在翻译这类代词时，译者往往不加分析，简单用“它”或“这”与原句英语代词对应，造成两个可能指代的生命或事物的混淆和指代一个句意或句中某一语法成分的误译。因此，译者务求慎重对待此类句子，对上下文认真地进行语义和语法分析。 (1) It is clear that privatization can not be a general and complete cure for fiscal problems, no matter how inefficient a troubled government might be.． [原译]它很清楚，无论一个处于困境的政府可能是多么低效无能，私有化也不可能是对付财政问题的万全之策。 [改译]无论一个处于困境的政府可能是多么低效无能，私有化也不可能是对付财政问题的万全之策，这一点很清楚。 [分析]“It指代"that"引导的从句这一真正的主语。如果把“旷简单与汉语的“它”对应，就会造成指代不明。其实“h”是指“无论一个处于困境的政府可能是多么低效无能,私有化也不可能是对付财政问题的万全之策”这一事实。 (2) The only way an individual can receive the benefits from a private good is by paying for it; there are no effects on others, and it is possible to separate payers from nonpayers． [原译]个人从私有资源获利的唯一途径是付钱购买它；对其他的人没有影响，并将付钱者与未付钱者区分开来是可能的。 [改译]个人从私有资源获利的唯一途径是付钱购买；这对其他的人没有影响，并可以将付钱者与未付钱者区分开来。 [分析]这一句出现了两个 “it”。第一个“it指的是“a private good"即“私有资源”，但这无需译出。若用汉语的“它”来对应，就会显得弄巧成拙，画蛇添足。原译便是如此。第二个“旷指的是"to separate payers from nonpayers”即“将付钱者与未付钱者区分开来”，把此意完整地译出是合理的。在此“／也不能与“它”对应。 (三)关系代词带来的困难 如果将英汉比较一下，我们将不难发现关系代词仅存在于英语之中，现代汉语的关系代词实际已告绝迹，仅在古代汉语中才能勉强发现一二，如“者”、“其”。 关系代词带给我们的困难是：①它带来的定语从句及其现在分词和过去分词短语，跟在它所修饰的名词后面，这一现象在汉语中没有；②定语从句使句子变得很长。 处理方法：①顺译。按英语的结构翻译。限制性定语从句或短语，只要汉语能安排得当，多半可以如此翻译。②拆译。将原来句子结构重新组合，分成两个或两个以上较短的句子来翻译。拆译往往用于解释性质的非限制性定语从句或短语。然而，根据原文篇章、逻辑关系和上下文语气、语法和逻辑等关系，具体句子具体处理也是必不可少的。现举例如下： (1) The public good problem is one of excluding those who have not paid for the good from receipt of services from that good.． [原译]公共资源问题是这样的一个问题，、排除那些人，他们接受资源的服务，但不付钱。 [改译]公共资源的词题之一是：它无法将那些不付钱的人排除在享受其服务之外。 [分析]原译中用了拆译法将句子结构重新组合并分成四个短语来翻译，此举显然不妥，因为在代词"those"之后"who"引导的是限制性定语从句。它起着修饰、限定作用，关系很紧密，而并非解释说明。所以，该句应按原句的结构分成两部分进行顺译。 (2) Governments exist to provide to provide valuable servieces which businesses or individuals are unwilling or unable to provide independently.． [原译]政府的存在能为人们提供企业或个人不愿意或不能够单独提供的有价值的服务。 [改译]政府的存在能为人们提供有价值的服务，而这些服务是企业或个人不愿意或不能够单独提供的。 [分析]原译按照原句的句子结构进行顺译，因为原句中“services”之后"which"引导的是限制性定语从句，这样翻译按常规似乎无可非议，但细读起来便不难发现，将“企业或个人不愿意或不能够单独提供的”这一定语和另一定语“有价值的”均放在“服务”前面有些拗口不自然。因此，将该句拆译则显得更为自然贴切。 由此可见，英语代词给中国人带来了极大的困扰。但是，只要我们分析清楚代词所指代的对象，按照汉语的习惯，使用顺译法、拆译法灵活翻译，便可解决问题。
2005-01-05 15:59
hyde
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第 3 楼
四、分词翻译 在英语学习中，分词是重要的语法现象。它分为现在分词和过去分词，是动词的一种表现形式。现在分词和过去分词除了自己的语法意义具有一般式和完成式之外，用作状语时,往往可以表示原因、方式、结果、条件、让步等意义；用作定语时，后置定语较多；在翻译分词时，注意其语法意义和状语伴随意义。’ (一)常规结构 按传统语法，除复合结构(宾语+宾补)、独立主格结构之外，分词作状语时，其逻辑主语 应是句子的主语。例如： (1)Using a few basic concepts and some methods based on these concepts, a decision maker can think analytically about a decision problem to make the best use of the limited time and information available. [原译]利用几个基本概念和基于这些概念的一些方法，决策者可以最佳地利用有限的时间和现有信息，对决策问题进行解析思考。 [改译]决策者可以利用一些基本概念和基于这些概念的一些方法来分析决策，以便最佳地利用有限的时间和现有信息。 [分析]原译虽然是照原句内容和意思来翻译，现在分词"using"也译为“利用”，但并没有译出“利用”的逻辑主语，这样不符合汉语的习惯。应将逻辑主语，即句子的主语“决策者”译在“利用”的前面，这样才符合汉语的习惯。 (2)Toll goods have a nonexhaustion characteristic one person can consume the service to its fullest while leaving the same amount Of the service for someone else to consume． [原译]收费资源具有无耗尽性的特点：一个人可以充分享用这一服务，同时他可以留下同样数量的服务让他人享用享用。 [改译]收费资源具有无耗尽性的特点：一个人可以充分享用这一服务，同时能让其他人享用同样数量的服务。 [分析]原译将分词 “leaving” “留下” 的逻辑主语译出，倒显得画蛇添足，句子罗嗦。改译中将逻辑主语"one person"和分词"leaving"省略翻译，句子显得言简意赅。 (二)特殊结构 垂悬分词 分词及其短语作状语时，其逻辑主语不是句子的主语，如：独立主格结构、根据上下文推断、泛指任何人、某个非主语成分或前面的整个句子等。独立主格结构几乎在各类语法书中均有论述，在此笔者不再详述。 1．垂悬分词的逻辑主语为上下文 (1)Then with the further assistance of those wonderful tools of man, pencil and paper, it is possible to work with each component individually, while keeping track of others. [正译]然后，借助人的那些美妙的工具，笔和纸，就能分别处理各个部分，并同时关注其他组成部分。 [分析]若句子的主语为非人称代词儿或先行词作形式主语讧，常出现与句子主语不一致的垂悬分词，其逻辑主语是否译出，视上下文而定。该句上文为：It helps the decision maker identify the most important components of the decision－the ones that create the dilemma－and concentrates attention on them.即：它能帮助决策者识别决策的最为重要的组成部分，即形成难题的部分，再集中思考这些部分。由上文我们可以推断逻辑主语为"the decision maker"即“决策者”。 (2) Since leaving her, the whole of life seemed pointless. [正译]自从离开她，整个生活显得毫无意义了。 [分析]分词"leaving"的逻辑主语可推断为“I”。 2．垂悬分词的逻辑主语为不确定的概念 在泛指任何人时，分词及其短语的逻辑主语指的是不确切的(indefinite)或一般的(general)概念，或含意模糊的we或you． (1) Using similar techniques，the topic can be expressed in different lights． [正译]即使用同样的技术，也可用不同的见解描述这个主题。 [分析]该句中分词 “using” 作状语，主句主语为"the topic"，但"the topic"并非"using"的逻辑主语，而是相当于we或you，原句也就相当于Even if we use similar techniques,….。 (2) Given the voltage and current, the resistance can be determined according to Ohm’s Law.．已知电压和电流，根据欧姆定律，就可以求出电阻。 (Given the voltage and the current,… =If we are given the voltage and the current,…) 3．垂悬分词的逻辑主语为句中某个非主语成分 当句子的谓语动词不表示某一具体的“行为”(action)，而是指“存在”(existence)时，则用作状语的分词及其短语的逻辑主语常由句中其他成分(如名词普通格、物主代词、人称代词宾格等)表示出来。 (1) Running to school, a terrible thought struck her. (a wrong sentence) 她跑着去上学时，突然产生了一个可怕的念头。(逻辑主语由her表示出来) (2) Subjected to light, the conductivity of semiconductors is found to be high.．半导体受光的作用，我们发现其导电性很高。(逻辑主语由semiconductors表示出来) 4．垂悬分词及其短语的逻辑主语是前面的整个句子 ， (1) The bus held up by the snow storm, thus causing the delay. [正译]公共汽车被暴风雪所阻，因而耽误了。 [分析]该句相当于The bus was held up by the snow storm, which/and this caused the delay. 因此，现在分词causing的逻辑主语为The bus was held up by the snow storm． 5．已转化为介词或连词的垂悬分词 有些泛指的分词在长期使用中已逐步当作介词或连词使用，则其逻辑主语与句子的主语就不一致丁。 (1) Such discontinuities invalidate old paradigms, including those that may have been the basis of a firm’s success, strategy and culture. 这些不连续变化，使得旧的范式，包括那些以前一直是公司赖以成功、作为公司战略和文化基础的那些范式失去了效用。(including = besides) (2)Provided that there is no opposition, we should hold the meeting here． 假如没有异议的话，我们将在此地举行会议。 Provided that there is no opposition = Only if there is no opposition． (三)用作定语的分词对应 (1) How many U.S senators can make useful back-of-the -envelope calculations to check the statistical arguments made by lobbyists? 有多少美国参议员能在信封背面作出有用的计算来核实说客们所做的统计论证子 (2) The service, once provided, can be consumed by a large number of people without diminishing the amount of service available to others, and no mechanism is available to deny service to those not paying for it. 这一服务一旦被提供，就能被众人所用，而不会减少他人享用该服务的数量，而且毫无办法来阻止那些没有付钱的人享用该服务。 (3) That is a realistic response if the service being privatized in fact lacks substantial public good features; one wonders why such a case, the government got involved in its provision. 如果私有化了的服务根本没有公有资源特征的话，那么上述建议是非常现实的；在这种情况下，人们会感到奇怪，为何政府要提供资源。 (4) We embarked on a reasoned policy to ensure steady economic growth, the modernization of industry, and a proper balance between public and private expenditure． [原译]我们采取丁合理的政策，以保证经济的稳步发展、工业的现代化和公私支出之间的适当平衡。 [改译]我们采取了经过深思熟虑的政策，以保证经济的稳步发展、工业的现代化和公私支出之间的适当平衡。 [分析]reasoned作为一个过去分词和reasoning，reasonable意思是不同的。reasoning可 作“推理的”、“思考的”解，但是过去分词reasoned，表示已结束的语法意义，是作“经过深思熟虑的”解。这种情况就如developing countries和developed countries，两者意思完全不同，前者指发展中的国家，后者指发达的国家。也就是说，从语法角度，现在分词表示正在进行的意思，而过去分词表示已完成的意思。这种语法意义提请译者在翻译时注意。 综上所述，分词的种类不同，形式各异，尤其垂悬分词更是被忽视；但只要译者辨清分词在句中的功能，掌握其汉语对应技巧，高屋建瓴，应变自如，便可游刃有余，马到成功。 五、不定式翻译 动词不定式可以在句中作主语、定语、表语、状语和宾语，由于它在句中所作的成分不同，所以对它的译法也不尽相同。 (一) 作主语的译法 动词不定式作主语时往往放于谓语之后，而让位于句首作形式主语。其翻译方法有二： 1)因为it没有实在意义，所以将其省略不译。如： It is more important here to describe the skills required to deal with change than is to try to predict the future.．可译为：在此描述应付变化所需技能比预测未来更为重要。 2)把不定式提前翻译，将it译为“这”，代替前面提到的事。如： It make me angry to wait for people who were late．可译为：要等那些迟到的人，这使他很生气。 (二)作定语的译法 不定式作定语往往放在被修饰的名词之前，’而翻译时多数情况下前置。例如： The force to change the motion of a body is proportional to the mass of the body． 改变物体运动的力是与该物体的质量成正比的。 (三)作表语的译法 不定式作表语时表示预定、可能、义务、不满和惊讶等，在翻译时要把这些语气译出来。如： If any decision problem is to be resolved in a limited amount of time, it is impossible to take into account all of the possible relevant factors.． 如果任何决策问题要在限定的时间内解决，那么考虑所有相关的因素是不大可能的。 (四)特殊短语的译法 too．．．not to的译法：该短语应译为肯定句。例如： I have read too many novels and had learned too much at school not to know a great deal about love． 我读过许多小说，在学校里也学了不少东西，对于爱情这玩艺自然懂得相当多。 only to：该短语往往强调“惊讶”和“失望”，在翻译时应注意这一点。例如： He spent four years getting a degree, only to learn that there were no jobs for graduates.． 他整整花了四年的时间得到了学位，结果却发现大学生很难找到工作。 六、长句处理 英语中有些长句是由大句套构或短句构成。有时，一个英语长句套五六层，不仅使中国人感到头绪纷繁、关系复杂，理解起来抓耳挠腮，而且译起来颇费周折。表达同样的意思，汉语则习惯采用一连串的短句，强调整体的逻辑性；而英语为表达中心思想步步设防，对每一需要说明或可能引起疑问的词语随时加以阐述，甚至不惜打乱连贯性，强调词语的逻辑。因此，在英汉翻译时，我们应按照汉语的习惯理顺原文的头绪，重新安排句子的顺序，避免死译、硬译。 长句翻译方法很多，五花八门。实际上，长句翻译最重要的还是理解，方法只是一种辅助手段。不妨，我们把它归纳为三种典型：原句／I匝译法，拆离调整法和重组合译法。 (一)原句顺译法 这一方法是在英语长句的叙述层次与汉语基本相同时，可以照原文的顺序，依次译出。 例如：You must decide what is really important and what is inconsequential; you must decide which few factors to include in your first-cut analysis, and which additional factors to include in your second-cut analysis－if there is time for a second cut． 你必须确定什么是真正重要的，什么是无关紧要的，你必须确定哪些因素要在第一次分析中考虑；另有哪些因素要在第二次分析中考虑--如果有时间进行第二次分析的话。 (二)拆离调整法 1)拆离就是将长句中的某些成分(单词、短语或句子)从句中的主干中拆开。调整是将拆开的句子另行处理，如置于句首或句尾以利句子的总体安排。例如： One Of the problems during the 1990s which distracted attention away from real progress in implementing corporate environmental management systems was the confusion of environmental auditing with financial auditing, the latter being seen as a one-off external validation resulting in a relatively brief reference in the company annual report with little emphasis on action． 20世纪90年代曾有一个问题转移了A．4J'I对实施公司环境管理系统(当时已取得一定的进展)的注意力，这就是对环境审核和财务审核的混淆，财务审核被看成是在公司的年度报告中很少强调行动，只有相对简单的参考价值的一种外部证据。 2)改变语序：英语中的后置定语从句短语和定语从句译成汉语时往往改译在中心词的前面。英语短语作状语时，多数情况下放在被修饰语的前面，这一点与定语位置的翻译相似，但表示程度或结果的可以放在形容词或动词后面作补语；在表示强调时，还可以把一些状语提前，放在句首。例如： Those companies which can identify the relevant factors at an early stage and act on them can gain considerable competitive advantage: for example, in the development of new products and services, in demonstrating to customers that quality products are matched by equally good environmental performance in their manufacture and marketing, and ultimately, in a highly competitive situation, in ensuring long-term viability of the business operation. 那些早期就能认识有关因素，并能对它们采取行动的公司能获得较大的竞争优势：例如，在新产品和新服务的开发方面；在向顾客展示他们的产品在制造和销售都有良好的环境性能方面；最后，在激烈的竞争环境下确保企业运营的长期生存能力方面。 (三)重组合译法 重组是按汉语叙事论理的表达习惯重新组合句子。这样基本上脱离了原句的层次和结构安排，使行文自然流畅。但在重组之前，首先必须研读上下文，考虑原文作者对句子顺序的安排及其表达的特定意思。在不改变原文作者意向的情况下进行重组。合译指译者按其思维方式与汉语表达习惯对重组的句子进行调整翻译的过程。例如： The capacity Of the human mind for formulating and solving complex problems is very smallCompared with the size of the problems whose solution is required for objectively rational behavior in the real world－or even for a reasonable approximation to such objective rationality.． [原译]人脑认识和解决复杂问题的能力是非常小的，它是与现实世界中需要通过客观的推理，或者通过这种客观推理的合理近似来求解的问题规模相比较而言的。 [改译]人脑认识和解决复杂问题的能力与现实世界中需要通过客观的推理，或者通过 这种客观推理的应有的近似值来求解的问题规模相比，是非常渺小的。 [分析]原译基本上按原句的意思死译，造成译文概念不清，含意紊乱。因此，需将原句作一调整，将“is very small"调整到最后，将"compared with"译成介词短语“与……相比”放在“isverysmall"之前，并将"the size of the problems"放在"compared with"之前，这样才能既符合汉语的习惯，又使意思完备，表达作者的意图。
中高级口译应试技巧（连载三） 各类题型精析 (该部分是从历届考题中找出考生和辅导班学员在做听力、听力翻译、阅读、笔译以及口译各题型中最容易出错的典型例句进行精析，以供考生在考前复习时参考。) 考题题型构成： 英语高级口译资格证书考试分为第一阶段考试和第二阶段考试。第一阶段考试为笔试，试卷题型包括以下几种类型： 第一部分(Section l)：听力测试(包括听写和听力理解)(Part A：Spot Dictation；Part B： Listening Comprehension)(30minutes)； 第二部分(Section2)：阅读测试(多项选择题)(Reading Test)(30minutes)； 第三部分(Section 3)：翻译测试(英译汉)(Translation Test)(30minutes)； 第四部分(Section4)：听力测试(笔记及填空和听译)(Part A：Note-taking and Gap-filling；Part B：Listening and Translation)(30minutes)； 第五部分(Section5)：阅读测试(简答题)(Reading Test)(30minutes)； 第六部分(Section6)：翻译测试(汉译英)(Translation Test)(30minutes)。 考生通过第一阶段考试后，方可参加第二阶段考试。 第二阶段考试为口试，包括口语和口译。 口语试卷有A卷或B卷之分，但题型一样，难易程度相当。 口译试卷(1NTERPRETATIONSECTION)也有A卷或B卷之分。A卷或B卷均包括Part A(two English passages) and Part B (two Chinese passages)。 第一节 听力精析(听写、听力理解) 该部分(Section 1)为听力测试，分为Part A：Spot Dictation和Part B：Listening Comprehension。Part A and Part B要求考生在30分钟内完成。题目要求如下： SECTION l：LISTENINGTEST(30minutes) I．Part A：Spot Dictation Direction: In this part of the test, you will hear a passage and read the same passage with blanks in it. Fill in each of the blanks with the word or words you have heard on the tape. Write your answer in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Remember you will hear the passage ONLY ONCE. 该部分(Part A)为听写填空题(Spot Dictation)。该部分题材广泛，体裁多样。试题中有20处标号的空缺部分需要考生填写。空缺部分多为2-4个词组成的短语或习惯用语。听写内容播放后有3-5分钟间隙供考生填写。听写文字内容长度为300-400个词。（中级口译为250-350个词） 只念一遍，语速为每分钟100词左右。考生在听写开始前可提前浏览文章，做到心中有数，有的放矢。这样有助于考生听力理解。现就一听力实考题进行分析。 Today I'm going to consider very briefly a problem concerned with the competition for land use, that is, whether crops should be used to produce food or should be used to ___(1) and in considering this problem I will look at ___ (2): the historical background to the problem, the economics involved in the competition for land use, some examples, and ___ (3) to a potential problem. In considering the historical background we should ___ (4) of the 1970s due to the rapid trend in increasing oil prices. Many countries have looked for ___ (5) to make them independent of other countries' ___ (6). Examples of alternative energy sources include such things as solar power, the ___ (7), and also the production of biogas. Biogas is methane which is produced from ___ (8). A particularly interesting possibility for many developing countries has been the ___ (9) to alcohol. This is interesting because in many developing countries there is a ___ (10) and at the same time a small industrial sector and thus the ___ (11) the agricultural sector to produce fuel is of interest to those countries. Research is going on ___ (12), for example, from sugar and there are two main economic reasons for this. First of all, the world price of sugar ___ (13) or the world price of sugar has fallen in very real terms ___ (14). This has caused a problem for those economics which are ___ (15) their sugar production, as it gives them an alternative possibility for ___ (16). And secondly sugar is the most efficient source of alcohol; therefore, it is ___ (17) to make fuel. by, distilling alcohol from it. In addition to sugar there are ___ (18) that can be used to make alcohol, for example, ___ (19) such plants as the cassava plant and the sweet potato are good sources from which alcohol can be made and in non-tropical countries you have such things as ___ (20). 答案： 1. produce fuel 2. four main areas 3. a possible solution 4. look at the oil crisis 5. alternative energy sources 6. fossil fuels 7. harnessing of wind and waves 8. human and animal waste 9. conversion of plant material 10. a large agriculture sector 11. possibility of using 12. in the production of alcohol 13. has fallen dramatically 14. in the last decade 15. dependent on 16. using their sugar 17. relatively economical 18. other starchy plants 19. in tropical countries 20. corn and sugar beet 精析： 考生在快速预览该篇文章后，尤其是在预览主题句后，便对其含义有总体印象，它是关于the competition for land use的短文。与此同时，考生可对部分填空题目作出大致的推断。这样，考生在听的同时，将预测信息与听到信息有机结合起来，便可作出正确判断。若遇同音词可以根据语义和语法规则进行判断。最后，若有个别词或短语尚未听懂，考生可根据文章上下文的连贯性和平行性(coherence and parallel)，语义的(semantic)一致性(consistency)，以及语法规则(grammatical rule)的准确性(accuracy)来猜词悟意，直至篇章完善。 1)由主题句猜测篇章大意也必不可少。该篇文章开头句就提到：“Today I’m going to consider very briefly a problem concemed with the competition for land use，that is，whether crops should be used to produce food or should used to___ (1)and．．．”。由此看出，本文是讲述作者对土地使用目的的研究，庄稼是用来生产食物，还是用来生产燃料。文章第二、第三、第四和第五自然段是对主题的展开论述。由第二自然段的首句“In considering the historical background we should ___(4)of the l970s due to the rapid trend in increasing oil prices．”，便可知该段是说“能源危机的历史状况”。由第三自然段的首句“Aparticularly interesting possibility for many developing countries has been the__ (9)to alcohol．”，便可知该段是说“发展中国家利用农业资源的状况”。由第四自然段的首句“Research is。going on ___(12)，for example，from sugar and there two main economic reasons for this．”便可知该段是说“农业资源生产的经济原因”的情况。最后一段，由“In addition to sugar there are____(18)that can be used to make alcohol，．．．”中的“In addition to”，考生便可推断出作者又进一步论证除蔗糖以外的情况。掌握中心是考生第一关键。 2)预测信息，猜词悟意。考生在对文章有了总体印象后，可在脑海中预测一些信息，同时可根据上下文的连贯性猜词悟意。，如“Today I’m going to consider very brieflv a problem concerned with the competition for land use；that is，whether crops should be used to produce food or should be used to ___ (1)．．”由句中“whether crops should be used to produce food'’，考生便可猜出(1)这一空格会出现平行的“produce"一词。当考生听音时会有的放矢，很容易就会听出这一信息"produce fuel"。万一考生在听音时没有听清“fuel'’一词，考生可根据下文关于能源的内容，进行猜测。 3)遵循语法，完善句子。当考生对一些音素可能听得不很清楚时，如“．．．and in considering this problem I will look at___(2)：”句中的第(2)空格"four main areas"究竟是“for"还是“four”，可根据语法知识和语义内容作出正确判断。该句的下半句“．．．the historical background to the problem，the economics involved in the competition for land US，some examples，and__(3)to a potential problem．”正好反映了4个主要方面，因此该词 应该是“four"。若出现如单词是否加s，加ing之类的情况，考生没听清楚，此时，可根据语法的准确性来作出判断。例如“In addition to sugar there are __ (18)that can be used to make alcohol，．．．”。句中出现了"there are"，后面的名词肯定是复数形式，那么就不会是“plant"而是“plants"指各种各样的植物。再如，“Examples of alternative energy sources include such things as solar power，the ___ (7)，．．．”，在第(7)空格前是定冠词，那么要添的空白肯定应该是名词，但“harness"一词虽可作名词用，但作名词时作“马具，系在身上的绳子，甲胄”解，没有“利用(河流、瀑布、风浪等)产生动力”的意思，所以在此应该用动名词的形式“harnessing'’，整个空为“harnessing of wind and waves"。 另外，道正认为，考生应对填空词汇的种类特征进行研究，这一部分经研究共有27种类型，请考生可参考道正学校自编《口译证书Spot Dictation》教材。 考生做该部分试题的一般原则是：预览全文-掌握大意-预测信息-猜词悟意-辨听信息-快速反应-获取信息-遵循语法-完善全文。 Ⅱ．PartB：Listening Comprehension 该部分由4篇听音对话或听音篇章组成。对话部分的内容题材与日常生活、工作或学习有关。讲话及讲座的内容涉及科普或社会专题。该部分不仅考核考生理解能力，而且还有记忆能力、思维能力。根据所讲技巧，有必要先看后听，掌握中心议题。一般来说，对话的提问顺序是与对话本身的概念递进和逻辑发展齐头并进的。每篇有5个选择题，共20道题组成。要求考生从四个选择项中选出最贴近听音原文的答案。现从历届试题中选出一篇对话加以精析。 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation 1. (A) Blue. (B) Green. (C) Red. (D) Yellow. 2. (A)"Swimming." (B) "Wills's Woodbines." (C) A petrol company badge. (D) "Tidy." 3. (A) In the early 190Os. (B) In the early 1950s. (C) Around 1945. (D) After 1955. 4. (A) "Smoked by Millions." (B) "Bought by Millions." (C) "Love for Humankind." (D) "I've been to Disneyland." 5. (A) Two. (B) Three. (C) Four. (D) Five. 听力原文 Directions: In this part of the test there will be some short talks and conversations. After each one, you will be asked some questions. The talks, conversations and questions will be spoken only once. Now listen carefidly and choose the right answer to each question you have heard and write the letter of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET. Now let's begin Part B with Listening Comprehension. Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following conversation F: Er ... roughly, Mr. Andrew Simpson, when did you begin collecting badges? M: At my primary school, I think. The teachers used to give out badges to pupils who were. particularly good at certain things. So I got a little blue badge with the word "swimming" on it, and then another one I remember---it was green--which had the word "Tidy" on it! Ha! F: And have you still got those badges in your collection? M: No . . . well, I've got the swimming badge, but I think I was so untidy that I must have lost the tidy badge years ago! F: And you started collecting badges, then, from that, the age of about nine7 M: Er, yeah, I guess so ... eight or nine or so. That's right. In those days--we're talking about the early fifties--there weren't so many cars around as there are today. So filling stations didn't have so many customers. So the petrol companies used to give out badges. I suppose they thought that kids whose parents had a car would keep asking them to go to a particular filling station so that they could get another free badge. My dad bought our first car in 1954. I think it was--a black Ford Popular--and every time I went out with him in it I used to ask him to go to a different petrol station so that I could add more to my growing badge collection. Actually, he was a very shy man, my father, and I'm sure he didn't like asking for free things ... F: SO petrol company badges were the first ones in your collection, weren't they? M: After "swimming" and "tidy", yeah... But soon all sorts of companies started making badges to advertise their products, even cigarette companies. I've got one in my collection for Wills's Woodbines--they were the cheapest cigarettes in those days--and on the badge, at the bottom, it says, "Smoked by Millions"--no health warnings in those days... F: How did you start collecting foreign badges? M: I started travelling! Actually, I have to say that as a teenager I rather lost interest in badges and in fact I threw away a lot ... or, er lost quite a lot ... ones which would be rather valuable today. But when I left university I got a job in Austria and whenever I had a holiday, I used to take cheap trips to countries in Eastern Europe. Badges are very popular there and I soon started collecting again. I've got some really beautiful badges from Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union, and some lovely ones from Yugoslavia, too. F: Do people in Eastern Europe wear badges or do they just collect them? M: Oh, they wear them just like we do. F: Why do you think people do wear badges?
M: Well, I think there are probably three main reasons. I 'think some people wear them to show that they belong to something. You know, like a group or a club or an association of some sort ... like the Rotary Club or a trade union. And then I think people wear badges for they have something to say to the world. To tell people what they think--political or religious badges-- which show what kind of person the wearer is, what he or she believes in, what they want to me" communicate ... or badges which say things like, er, "Please don't smoke near or "I'm a vegetarian". I think that sort of badge is very popular these days. F: You said you thought there were three main reasons why people wear badges ... M: Oh, yes. Well, the third reason, I think, is to show everyone else where you've been ... you know, badges which say things like "I've been to Disneyland". A lot of people put stickers like that on their cars, too. There are other reasons, of course but I think they're the main ones. Question No. 1 What colour was the "Tidy" badge? Question No. 2 Which badge does Andrew Simpson think he has lost? Question No. 3 When do you think Andrew Simpson was born? Question No. 4 What is the slogan on the Wills's Woodbines badge? Question No. 5 How many main reasons are given by Andrew Simpson for people to wear badges?
2005-01-05 16:00
hyde
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精析： 从这组选择题系列以及对话的开始，考生可以知道：这是一篇有关徽章搜集和使用的对话。 Question No．1 What colour was the"Tidy"badge? 根据提问的一般原则：提问顺序和情节发展是平行进行的，所以，该答案一定在该篇对话的开始部分。听音原文中有这样一句话“...and then another one I remember-it was green-which had the word "Tidy on it!Ha!"，据此，考生可以断定the“Tidy”badge的颜色为绿色。只有答案(B)符合题意，所以正确答案为(B)。考生在做此题时应注意听，切莫与“So I got a little blue badge with the word‘swimming’on it”中的“blue'’相混淆。 Question NO．2 Which badge does Andrew Simpson think he has lost? 当考生听到"I've got the swimming badge，but I think I Was so untidy that I must have lost the tidy badge years ago!"便可知道Andrew Simpson所丢失的是“the tidy badge"。(D)项符合题意，为正确答案。听音时，考生同样应该注意不要将“the tidy badge'’混淆为“the swimming badge"。 Question NO．3 When do you think Andrew Simpson was born? 在对话中，并没有直接谈到Andrew Simpson是何时出生的，但是通过对话，考生可以计算出他大致的出生时间。 F： Andyou started collecting badges，then，from that，the age of about nine? M： Er，yeah，I guess so．．．eight or nine or so．That's right．In those days-we're talking about the early fifties-there weren't so many cars around as there are today. 通过这两句对话，我们可以知道"...we're talking about the early fifties"是发生在50年代早期，当时他八九岁左右，此时开始搜集徽章，这样就可以计算出他的出生大约是在1945年左右。因此，只有选项(C)Around l945．符合题意。 Question No．4 What is the slogan on the Wills's Woodbines badge? 该题答案较为明显，比较容易听出。当考生听到“I've got one in my collection for Wills's Woodbines--they were the cheapest cigarettes in those days--and on the badge，at the bottom，it says，“Smoked by Millions"-no health warnings in those days．．．”时，“Smoked by Millions"就很容易印在脑海中。四个选项中，(A)项为正确答案。 Question NO．5 How many main reasons are given by Andrew Simpson for people to wear badges?该问题体现在对话中也是直问直答。其中对话为： F：Why do you think people do wear badges? M：Well，I think there are probably three main reasons． 显然，人们戴徽章有3个主要方面的原因。因此答案(B)为正确答案。 该部分为高级口译第一阶段测试中的第二部分，即：SECTION 2：Reading Test。该部分考试时间为30分钟。阅读材料均选自英语原版材料，共4篇。内容及题材具有多样性、普遍性和社会性。要求考生应有一定的词汇量，以及阅读理解技能，如概括中心思想能力，推理与释义能力；另外，还应有与英语国家社会和文化相关的知识面。现就历届考题中的一篇进行精析。 SECTION 2: READING TEST (30 minutes) Directions: In this section you will read several passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. You are to choose ONE best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D) to each question. Answer all the questions following each passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage and write the letter of the answer of the answer you have chosen in the corresponding space in your ANSWER BOOKLET.
Questions 1 ~ 5 are based on the following passage British Aerospace is planning to set up its own university because it cannot recruit the skilled graduates it needs from existing institutions. BAe has a team drafting a range of options for the university, which would award its own degrees. Work on the scheme is expected to start in the next few months. Sir Richard Evans, chief executive of British Aerospace, has already launched a recruiting drive for engineers on the Continent because of a shortage of high-calibre domestic candidates. Advertising campaigns in France, Germany and other European countries will seek to attract students expecting to graduate in the summer. Other engineering employers are expected to follow suit. The move to take on overseas graduates comes after BAe left one in five of its graduate places unfilled last year, blaming shortcomings in the education system. If the scheme is approved, BAe will either build a full university or incorporate sites at its main research and manufacturing centres at Famborough, Surrey, and Warton, Lancashire. The company would have to convince the education authorities that the university had sufficient teaching capacity and autonomy for it to be allowed to award degrees. BAe said it was setting up its own education system and recruiting staff abroad because "there is a shortage of engineering graduates, beth in terms of quantity and quality". The Engineering Employers' Federation said that skill shortages were an urgent problem. Rolls- Royce, another large engineering employer, said there was a general skill shortage, although it had filled its graduate quota. Rolls will soon recruit internationally to reflect its expanding international operations. Engineering's failure to attract students has been attributed to poor pay and long-term prospects, given the decline in British manufacturing. BAe would not reveal how much it pays graduates, but Lucas Variety, a large engineering employer, paid a starting salary of ~ 14,200 last year. That compares with an average graduate starting salary of ~ 15, 300, according to Income Data Services. British universities have found it increasingly difficult to recruit well-qualified undergraduates. Even Oxford and Cambridge fail to meet their quotas in many engineering subjects. Alan Smithers, whose Centre for Education and Employment Research, at Bmnel University, produced a report on the supply of science and engineering graduates early this year, said that the discipline had been over expanded. "There is now a lack of quality to withstand competition in an increasingly international sphere. Companies go where they can find the best candidates." Engineering docs not enjoy the high status in Britain that it occupies in other parts of the world. Courses in other parts of Europe and the Far East command among the highest entry requirements of all degree subjects and take five years, rather than the norm of three in Britain. 1. British Aerospace is recruiting engineers on the Continent __ (A) as the pay for them can be much lower (B) as there are not enough well, qualified candidates at home (C) to compete with France, Germany and other European countries (D) to set up a university of its own 2. In the passage, the expression "to follow suit" in the sentence "Other engineering employers are expected to follow suit" (para. 4) can best be paraphrased as __ (A) to join BAe in its recruiting scheme (B) to take the unanimous action (C) to recruit graduates overseas (D) to establish universities 3. Which of the following is NOT the reason that engineering courses fail to attract British students? (A) The decline of British manufacturing industry. (B) The recruitment of engineers abroad. (C) The lower pay for engineering graduates. (D) The long and slow process of success and promotion after graduation. 4. "Oxford" and "Cambridge" are mentioned in the passage to show that __ (A) they are the world famous universities (B) they are not cooperating with British Aerospace (C) they are reforming the engineering education (D) they can not fulfil their recruitment quotas in engineering 5. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage? (A) There should be further cooperation between British Aerospace and Higher Institutions. (B) Shortage of engineers leads BAe to plan its own university. (C) British Higher Education has recently been reevaluated. (D) British Engineering education is severely criticized for its lack of quality. 精析： 1．原题所问的是英国航空航天局正在欧洲大陆招工程师是因为什么?从原文中有关部分"Sir Richard Evans，chief executive of British Aerospace，has already launched a recruiting drive for engineers on the Continent because of a shortage of high-calibre domestic candidates．”，可以看出，是因为国内缺乏有资格的人员。(A)项是说对他们所付的工资可以更低，(C)项为可以同法国、德国以及其他欧洲国家竞争，(D)项为设立自己的大学，这些选项均不符合题意，因此只有B因为国内没有足够的具有资格的候选人”是正确的。正确答案为(B)。 2．该句为具体短语和句子理解题。要求考生理解“to follow suit'’这一短语在句子“Other engineering employers are expected to follow suit"中的含意；但要理解这一含意，又必须根据上文和下句(para．4)的含意才能作出判断。上文是说由于英国国内缺乏具有资格的工程师，因此要在海外(欧洲大陆)招聘毕业生，下旬又说“The move to take on overseas graduates comes after BAe left one in five of its graduate places unfilled last year，blaming shortcomings in the education system．”，所以"to follow suit'’意为“to recruit graduates overseas,”。(C)项为正确答案。 3．英国工程学课程不能吸引英国学生有各种各样的原因。题目所问为否定项，哪一个不是这一原因。其中，(A)项为英国制造业的衰落，(C)项为工程毕业生薪水更低，(D)为毕业后加官晋级、获得成功是一个漫长的过程，这些都符合篇章中提到的原因，而只有(B)项从国外招收工程师是由此产生的结果。所以，只有(B)项正确。 4．该题所问的是：篇章中提到牛津和剑桥两所大学是想表明什么?从篇章中的 para．8，“British universities have found it increasingly difficult to recruit well-qualified undergraduates．Even Oxford and Cambridge failt on meet their quotas in many engineering subjects．”，便可知选项(D)they can not fulfil their recruitment quotas in engineering．即：它们不能完成招收工程学学生的数额，符合题意。正确答案为(D)。 5．该题属于概括题。要求考生能选择出概括篇章的最佳句子。选项(A)There should be further cooperation between British Aerospace and Higher Institutions．英国航空航天局应该与高等教育机构进一步合作，选项（C）British Higher Education has recently been revaluated.近来已对英国高等教育进行了重新评估，选项 (D)British Engineering education is severely criticized for its lack of quality。即：英国工程教育由于质量不佳受到严肃批评，这些概括句子都不符合篇章的主旨，只有（B）Shortage of engineers leads Bae to plan its own university.符合篇章要旨。所以正确答案为（B）。 考生做该部分试题的一般原则是：略读全文-领会大意-阅读选项-寻读对照-准确判断。或：阅读选项-略读全文-领会大意-寻读对照相馆-准确判断。
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[推荐]中高级口译应试技巧连载
2005-01-05 15:58
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